The new decoding chip sets a record of data transmission energy efficiency, and its power consumption is only 1~10% of that of similar products

A team of scientists led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has developed a decoder chip. The relevant research results were read out at the ongoing International Solid-state Circuit Conference.

The chip uses the general decoding algorithm developed by MIT before, and can decode any encoded signal. The decoding data is simpler and faster than traditional technology, and the energy consumption is only 1% to 10% of other similar hardware, or the performance is 10 to 100 times higher than other hardware. It can be widely used in the fields of virtual reality and 5G network that are demanding on power consumption.

Muriel M é standard, professor of software science and engineering at NEC and professor of electrical engineering and computer science, said, "This is the first time someone has broken through the decoding threshold of 1 pJ per bit. This is roughly the same as the energy you need to transmit 1 bit in the system. This is a significant symbolic threshold, but it also changes the balance of the receiver. From the perspective of energy, this may be the most urgent part - we can transfer it from the decoder to other parts".

In addition to M é standard, the co-authors of this paper also include Arslan Riaz, a graduate student of Boston University, Rabia Tugce Yazicigil, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering of Boston University, Ken R. Duffy, then director of the Hamilton Institute of Menus University and now professor of Northeastern University, and other scholars from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University and Menus University.

IT Home is a simple science popularization. The common data is transmitted in the form of bits (0 or 1), and the sender needs to encode the data and add error correction code at the end of the data. The error correction code mentioned here is also a redundant string composed of 0 and 1, which can be regarded as the information required for hash verification. This string of information is usually stored in a specific cipher book, and the decoding algorithm of the receiver is a verification scheme designed for this special cipher. It will retrieve the original information that may have been confused through a specific cipher book and hash structure. Generally, each algorithm is based on a specific code, and most algorithms require special hardware, so a device needs many chips to decode different data.

Researchers have previously demonstrated a general decoding algorithm that can crack any code - GRAND (Guess Random Additive Noise Decoding). Its working principle is to guess the noise that affects the transmission of information, and then directly eliminate the noise from the received data, and then check the remaining content in the cipher book. It will guess a series of noise patterns in the order of possible occurrence.

In fact, the data we receive usually contains reliability information, also known as soft information, which can help the decoder find out which parts are wrong.

It is reported that this new decoding chip is called ORBGRAND (Ordered Reliability Bits GRAND). It can use this soft information to sort data according to the possibility of error in each bit. But in fact, this is not as simple as sorting a single bit. Although the most unreliable part may be the most obvious mistake, the third and fourth unreliable parts together may be as wrong as the seventh part. ORBGRAND uses a new statistical model here, which can sort the bits in this way, because putting multiple bits together may cause errors as well as a single bit.

"If your car breaks down halfway, the soft information may tell you that it is the battery. But if it is not only the battery, for example, the battery and the engine have problems at the same time, it will be very troublesome," said M é standard. This is how a person who can think rationally - although it may be the two parts that break down together, you will start troubleshooting from the most prone place, and then look down, Finally, we can find something that is unlikely to happen.
They believe that this is a more effective method than the traditional decoder. It is reported that the traditional decoder only focuses on the code structure, and it is usually designed for the worst case. "With the traditional decoder, you have to take out the design drawing of the car and check every part. Although you will find the problem eventually, it will take you a long time", explains M é standard.

It is reported that ORBGRAND will stop sorting as soon as a key code is found, which usually happens very quickly. In addition, the chip also adopts parallel logic, which can generate and test multiple noise modes at the same time, so as to find this key code faster.

When they compared this method with other chips, ORBGRAND only consumed 0.76 pJ of energy per bit when decoding with the highest accuracy, breaking the previous performance/energy consumption record. This also means that the energy consumption of ORBGRAND is only one tenth or even one percent of that of other devices.

M é standard said that one of the biggest challenges in developing chips is to reduce energy consumption. ORBGRAND is now so energy-efficient that other processes that researchers did not pay attention to before (such as checking the code words in the cipher book) consume most of their energy.
"Now, the inspection process is like opening a car to see if it works. It is the most difficult part. Therefore, we need to find more effective ways to do this". The team is also exploring ways to change the transmission modulation so that they can use ORBGRAND chip to improve efficiency.


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